Chapter 1 Introduction
　　1.1 The Object of the Study
　　In daily communication， interactants not only convey information but also construct their identities (Lakoff， 1989). This book argues that speakers construct or deconstruct， project or hide， affirm or negate， their own or others’ identities in interaction for various purposes. de Fina， Schiffrin and Bamberg (2006a) state that identity construction has become the research target of many disciplines such as critical discourse analysis (Fairclough， 1989)， social psychology (Tajfel & Turner， 1986) and pragmatics (van de Mieroop， 2007).
　　Although identity has been taken as a research topic in various fields， its definition is always a tricky issue upon which no consensus has been reached yet. From the sociological perspective， Goffman (1974: 7) posits that role is an aspect of personal identity. In the pragmatics tradition， many scholars approach identity from its relation to face or role: Ting-Toomey (1994: 3) argues that face is an identity-boundary issue; Scollon and Scollon (1995: 34-36) discuss face in terms of the interpersonal identity of individuals in communication and the self as a communicative identity; Thornborrow (2001) regards identity as a person’s social role. Along this line， Spencer-Oatey (2007) proposes that in cognitive terms， face and identity are similar in that both relate to the notion of self-image (including individual， relational and collective construals of self)， and both comprise multiple self-aspects or attributes.
　　Following Spencer-Oatey’s (2007) definition， this book defines the term “identity” as a person’s self-image， consisting of multiple attributes， such as their individual ability， personality traits， language affiliation， ideology， social role and group membership. In this vein， the term “professional identity” here is defined as one’s professional image， comprising such attributes as professional role， professional competence and professional ethics.
　　Although considerable research (Spencer-Oatey， 2007; Garcés-Conejos Blitvich， 2009， 2010a， 2013， among others) has already been devoted to exploring the explicit linguistic means and strategies of constructing self- or other-identity， rather less attention has been paid to the implicit means and strategies of (de)constructing self- or other-identity. This book attempts to reveal the implicit means and strategies of constructing self-professional identity.
　　The specific target of this book is professional identity construction through implicit negation. Implicit negation here is defined as a pragmatic strategy by which speakers negate their interlocutor’s non-propositional content—stance or identity. Moreover， this indirect strategy is realized in the form of indirect utterances. These indirect utterances may carry (simultaneously) multiple pragmatic forces or functions and be ambiguous to the speaker’s meaning or intention. Thus， the implicit negation in this book can be considered as a kind of “strategic ambiguity” (Archer， 2011).
　　The implicitness or indirectness of negation can be generated by the speaker’s flouting of Grice’s (1968) maxim(s) of the Cooperative Principle. As such， Grice’s maxims are applied as an analytic tool for generating the implicature of implicit negation. For instance:
　　Example (1)
　　The situational context: The topic is whether the Rich Second Generation can become the Kind Second Generation. Here the Rich Second Generation refers to the daughter of the manager of China-Africa Project Hope (G1) who has his own company. They， the daughter and the manager， are the heads of the charitable foundation. Being questioned by the guests and the audience members， G1 is offering the evidence for doing charity work both in China and Africa.
　　01G1: 我两个春节都是在做慈善， 一个 (春节) 是 (为了) 汶川地震 (灾后重建)， (另) 一个春节我在非洲考察， 做慈善， 你们做什么呢春节？
　　02G2: 但是做慈善， 在今天慈善受到质疑的年代， 慈善无国界， 慈善家似乎应该有国界， 为什么这么讲呢？我来举两个著名慈善家 (的例子， 他们) 都比你们两个厉害， 一个是荷兰的修女 ((省略))。(另) 一个叫比尔 盖茨， 也是做生意的， 为什么呢？比尔 盖茨做生意的时候人家生意归生意， 人家那个不叫做慈善， 人家叫肩负社会责任。((省略)) 这两个 (人) 是真正的慈善 (家)。现在盝老师呢， 处在一个转型阶段， 我比较理解他， 因为制度不完善， 他承受了巨大的压力， 但是呢 ( N)， 他确实是给人造成了一个印象， 什么印象呢 =？就是， <MRC>是做生意呢， 还是做生意呢， 还是做生意呢</MRC>？
　　03G1: 我在太阳村捐款6万， 打了一口水井， (在) 汶川我和 ((省略)) 发红包。
　　(选自《一虎一席谈: 富二代能否变成仁二代》)
　　(1) (G1: the manager of China-Africa Project Hope， G2: a social commentator)
　　01G1: During two Spring Festivals， I was doing charity work， namely， Wenchuan earthquake relief and African voluntary job. What did you do then?
　　02G2: But doing charity work is often questioned nowadays. Doing charity work transcends all boundaries， but a philanthropist should have a sense of nationality. Why do I think so? I list examples of two philanthropists who are more influential than you two: one is a nun from the Netherlands ((omitted)). And the other is Bill Gates. He is also a businessman. Why? When he does business， he calls it business rather than charity. When he does charity work， he d

Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 The Object of the Study 1
1.2 Rationale of the Study 5
1.3 Objectives of the Study 6
1.4 The Outline of the Study 8
Chapter 2 Methodology of the Study 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Data Collection and Transcription Conventions 9
2.2.1 Data Collection 9
2.2.2 Transcription Conventions 10
2.2.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Data 12
2.3 Features of Televised Debating Programmes 13
2.3.1 Institutional Roles and Their Respective Tasks 13
2.3.2 Topic of Current Affairs of Televised Debating Programmes 15
2.3.3 Institution-specific Goals of Televised Debating Programmes 16
2.4 Analytical Tools and Procedures of the Data 16
Chapter 3 Literature Review 18
3.1 Introduction 18
3.2 Approaches to Identity Construction 18
3.2.1 Identity Study Using the Sociolinguistic Approach 18
3.2.2 Identity Study Using the Conversation Analysis Approach 22
3.2.3 Identity Study Using the Psychological Approach 23
3.2.4 Identity Study Using the Pragmatic Approach 27
3.3 Implicit Negation 33
3.4 Achievements and Limitations in the Prior Studies 36
3.5 Summary 38
Chapter 4 The Conceptual Framework 39
4.1 Introduction 39
4.2 Working Definition of Professional Identity Construction 39
4.2.1 Intentionality 41
4.2.2 Multiplicity 42
4.2.3 Relationality 43
4.3 Delimitation of Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation 44
4.3.1 Identity Construction and Positioning 44
4.3.2 Identity Construction and Facework 45
4.3.3 Identity Construction and Category 46
4.4 Theoretical Support 47
4.4.1 Giles and Powesland’s Accommodation Theory 48
4.4.2 Spencer-Oatey’s Rapport Management Theory 49
4.4.3 Bucholtz and Hall’s Theory of Identity and Interaction 52
4.5 The Conceptual Framework of the Present Research 55
4.5.1 Implicit Negation of Other-identity in Interaction 55
4.5.2 Categorization of Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation 56
4.5.3 Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation and Im/politeness 58
4.6 Summary 59
Chapter 5 Implicit Negation of Other-identity in Interaction 61
5.1 Introduction 61
5.2 The Accommodative Strategies for Implicit Negation 61
5.2.1 Convergences for Implicit Negation 62
5.2.2 Divergence Strategies for Implicit Negation 77
5.3 A Model of Implicit Negation of Other-identity 91
5.4 Conclusion 96
Chapter 6 Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation 97
6.1 Introduction 97
6.2 Expert Identity versus Non-expert Identity Construction 99
6.2.1 Overt Mention of Identity Categories and Labels 100
6.2.2 Projecting Self-professional Competence 103
6.3 Insider Identity versus Outsider Identity Construction 116
6.3.1 Outsider Identity Construction 117
6.3.2 Insider Identity Construction 121
6.4 Authentic Identity Construction versus False Identity Construction 128
6.4.1 Crafted Identity Construction 129
6.4.2 Problematic Identity Construction 133
6.4.3 Fragmented Identity Construction 137
6.5 A Model of Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation 139
6.6 Summary 143
Chapter 7 Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation and Im/politeness 145
7.1 Introduction 145
7.2 Identity and Im/politeness 146
7.3 Identity Construction and Im/politeness in Institutional Discourse 146
7.4 Professional Identity Construction and Im/politeness in Institutional Discourse 147
7.4.1 Verification of the Other-identity and Politeness-Enhancement via PCs 148
7.4.2 Partial Verification of the Other’s Identity and Politeness-maintenance via NCs 153
7.4.3 Non-verification of Other-identity and Politeness-maintenance via PDs 157
7.4.4 Non-recognition of the Other’s Sociality Rights and Impoliteness via NDs 170
7.5 Mechanism for Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation and Im/politeness in Institutional Discourse 176
7.6 Summary 179
Chapter 8 Conclusion 180
8.1 Introduction 180
8.2 Major Findings 180
8.2.1 Categories of Professional Identity Constructed via Implicit Negation 180
8.2.2 Implicit Strategies of Negating Other-identity 182
8.2.3 Relationships of Professional Identity Construction via Implicit Negation and Im/politeness 184
8.3 Implications 186
8.4 Limitations 189
8.5 Suggestions for future research 189
Appendix Major Published Papers 191
References 193
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 The format of television debating programmes 14
Figure 4.1 The positioning triangle 45
Figure 4.2 The bases of rapport 49
Figure 4.3 The conceptual framework for the explanation of PIC via IN (implicit negation) 60
Figure 5.1 A continuum of politeness， mock politeness/implicit negation and impoliteness 95
Figure 6.1 The dimensions and elements of professional identity 98
Figure 6.2 Components and process (mechanism) of PIC via IN 141
Figure 7.1 The statistics