昔日辉煌——二战时期的英国特种部队第二次世界大战期间,一支名为“哥曼德”(英语Commando的音译,意为突击队)的英军特种部队尤其引人注目。它神出鬼没,以奇袭般的战术和闪电般的行动,驰骋在欧洲、非洲战场上,搅得纳粹德军胆战心惊,甚至把“战争魔鬼”希特勒也搞得神经紧张,简直到了疯狂的地步。1942年10月18日,恼羞成怒的希特勒,发布了著名的“根绝命令”,规定对英军的“袭击破坏部队”,无论是否穿制服,无论是否有武装,要不惜一切代价,务必“斩尽杀绝”。然而,“哥曼德”非但没有被“杀绝”,反而在烈火和硝烟中创造了更多的辉煌,他们的业绩永载在反法西斯斗争的史册上。英国首相丘吉尔自豪地说:“‘哥曼德’是大不列颠永远的骄傲!”诞生于危难之时二战初期,在战斗最激烈的欧洲战场上,英国军队在纳粹德国装甲集群的突击下损失惨重,难以招架,被迫于1940年6月从法国的敦刻尔克撤退,艰难地横渡英吉利海峡。回撤途中,溃不成军的英国军队虽然多数人活着回国,但几乎所有的装备都被遗弃。曾不可一世的大英帝国蒙受了奇耻大辱,民族自尊心受到了严重的挫伤。
为了尽快挽回败局,鼓舞全国军民抵抗纳粹德军的信心,6月6日,丘吉尔首相在给参谋长联席会议主席伊兹梅尔将军的信中说:“防御作战必须到此结束,我期待英军对整个德军占领区发动积极而又连续的反攻。”丘吉尔首相认为,德军下一个攻击目标很明显是英国本土,而要阻止其占领英国,只有一个办法,就是向欧洲大陆的德军主动出击。
但这时,英军已元气大伤,在中东和非洲战场上的英军,也受到了德军的重创,根本无力大举反攻被德军占领的法国西海岸,更无力考虑远程奔袭德军重兵把守的丹麦至挪威北部一带的海岸线。
尽管如此,在英军从法国敦刻尔克撤退的时候,却有一个人已开始考虑对德军占领区发动攻势作战。他就是英国参谋总长约翰·迪尔上将的副官达托莱·克拉克陆军中校。他根据当时英国军队的状况,提议用少数小规模部队连续偷袭挪威西海岸的纳尔维克至法国比利牛斯山脉一线的德军阵地,消耗德军的攻击力量。这是当时唯一能够重创德军的反击办法。这一提议得到了英国战时内阁的赞赏,并于第二天就将这一方案呈报了丘吉尔首相。
丘吉尔立即批准。但是,一些人认为,英国军队在遭到如此巨大损失的局势下,克拉克的构想如同“以卵击石”。而丘吉尔坚持认为,这种破坏性的袭扰,如果计划周密,实施得当,就能使德军不得不加强自己的防线,从而牵制敌人大量部队,削弱德军在其他战场上的战斗力。同时,成功的偷袭行动,能极大地鼓舞全国军民抗击德军的信心,有利于整个反击战场的形势。随后,陆军总参谋部立。即成立了执行该计划的“M09科”,指示克拉克中校尽快组建袭击部队,渡过英吉利海峡,对德军发动突然袭击。
由于担心德军进攻英国本土,丘吉尔要求克拉克:在组建偷袭部队时,不能整建制地抽调防卫本土的部队;尽量可能少地带走武器;队员可编1万人,从现有陆军和海军陆战队中挑选;携带武器为汤姆逊轻机枪和手榴弹,必要时可以使用摩托车和装甲车;当德军对英国本土发动进攻时,必须在海岸线担任对付德军进攻的任务,其他均可由克拉克中校自行决定。
克拉克中校亲自从陆军和海军陆战队中挑选了近千名富有作战经验的优秀官兵,于1940年6月下旬组成了世界上第一支相对独立、执行特殊任务的新型部队。最初编为lO支“袭击部队”,每支部队辖2个小队,每支小队有3名军官和47名士兵,由血气方刚、机智勇敢的年轻小伙组成,配备了当时较为先进的汤姆逊轻机枪、冲锋枪和越野摩托车及轻型汽车。
这支担负特殊任务的新型部队成立后,丘吉尔提议命名为“奇袭部队”或叫“豹部队”,但英军很多人对40多年前在非洲大陆饱尝的苦头和布尔人出其不意的袭击记忆犹新,于是就用“哥曼德”这一名词,命名了这支特殊部队。
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