Day 2 第二章 雅思阅读A类考试的2大考点<br>Cambridge IELTS 8 共有160 道A类阅读题目，这160道题目涵盖了近年来雅思阅读A 类考试的“2大考点”，即同义替换和推理判断。本书首先要结合Cambridge IELTS 8 中的题目系统讲解这“2大考点”的出题思路和答题方法。<br>第一节 同义替换<br>一、考点介绍<br>同义替换是雅思阅读A 类考试中的一个重要考点， 各种题型中都会出现。在Cambridge IELTS 8 的160 道A 类阅读题目中，绝大部分的题目都涉及了同义替换。这种考点的出题思路就是题目和（或）选项中的关键词或词组在原文材料中往往以同义替换的形式出现。最常见的替换有两种：<br>一是同义词替换。这是雅思阅读A 类考试中最常出现的，比如，题目中的关键词是survive，在原文中该词有可能被替换成avoid dying out。<br>二是词性的替换。比如，题目中的关键词是explain，在原文中该词有可能被替换成explanation。<br>同义替换在雅思考试中无处不在，《雅思周计划——词汇》一书专门收录了近年来雅思考试中经常出现的重点词汇及其同反义词，要求考生熟练掌握。<br>二、真题示例<br>Example 1（Cambridge IELTS 8 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 1 Questions 1 and 2）<br>【真题回顾】<br>READING PASSAGE 1<br>A Chronicle of Timekeeping<br>Our conception of time depends on the way we measure it A According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet’s revolution around the sun.<br>B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.<br>C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.<br>D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun’s shadow. The sundial’s counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.<br>Questions 1 and 2<br>Reading Passage 1 has four paragraphs, A-D.<br>Which paragraph contains the following information?<br>Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1 and 2 on your answer sheet.<br>1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures<br>2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar in farming communities<br>【考点点拨】<br>1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures<br>答案：D<br>关键词：early timekeeping invention、cold temperatures<br>定位句： 根据关键词定位到D 段倒数第三行：Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe. 虽然这些装置在地中海周围地区非常好用，但是它们在多云并且经常是冰冻天气的欧洲北部却不能一直使用。<br>解 析： 定位句中的these devices 指的就是题目中的early timekeeping invention，定位句中的freezing weather 和题目中的cold temperatures 是同义替换。定位句出现在D 段，答案就是D。<br>考 点：同义替换。freezing weather = cold temperatures。<br>2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendar<br>in farming communities<br>答案：B<br>关键词：importance、geography、farming communities<br>定位句： 根据关键词定位到B 段第五行：In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. 然而，在从事季节性农业的更偏北的气候带，太阳年则变得更为重要。<br>解 析： 定位句中的northern climes（偏北的气候带）和题目中的geography（地理）是同义替换，定位句中的agriculture 和题目中的farming 是同义替换，定位句中的crucial 和题目中的importance 是同义替换。定位句出现在B 段，答案就是B。<br>考 点： 同义替换：northern climes = geography；agriculture = farming；crucial = importance。<br>Example 2（Cambridge IELTS 8 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 20 and 21）<br>【真题回顾】<br>READING PASSAGE 2<br>AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA<br>A An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are also in place over much of the rest of the world.<br>B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something<br>approximating today’s ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.<br>Questions 20 and 21<br>Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?<br>In boxes 20 and 21 on your answer sheet, write<br>TRUE if the statement agrees with the information<br>FALSE if the statement contradicts the information<br>NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this<br>20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.<br>21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.<br>【考点点拨】<br>20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.<br>答案：FALSE<br>关键词：FAA、as a result of、jet engine<br>定位句： 根据关键词定位到A 段第一行：An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 1956 年发生在（美国）大峡谷上空的一起事故促成了联邦航空管理局（FAA）的成立。<br>解 析： 题目说的是FAA … as a result of … jet engine，而定位句说的是accident … resulted in … FAA；题目和定位句对FAA 出现原因的描述不一致，答案就是FALSE。<br>考 点： 同义替换。resulted in = as a result of。<br>21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.<br>答案：FALSE<br>关键词：Air Traffic Control、after、Grand Canyon crash<br>定位句： 根据关键词定位到B 段第一行：Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. 早在大峡谷灾难发生之前，基本的航空交通管制（ATC）就已经存在了。<br>解 析： 题目中的关键词Air Traffic Control 在定位句中重现，后面说的是before the Grand Canyon disaster，而题目说的是after the Grand Canyon crash。定位句中的disaster 和题目中的crash 是同义替换，题目和定位句所说的时间相反，答案就是FALSE。<br>考 点：同义替换。disaster = crash。<br><br>
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