<br><br>第一章 雅思大作文预备篇<br>玩游戏先得了解游戏规则,雅思作文备考也是一样,先了解比赛规则(怎么评)、比赛内容(怎么考)以及我们如何应对(argument的立场),这些都是雅思作文的游戏规则,我们只能适应它,而不能改变或者曲解它,任何挑战规则的行为都会付出沉重的代价!<br><br>怎么评——雅思大作文评分标准解析<br>考生最关心雅思作文如何评分,而市面上也流传着各种各样评分标准的演绎版本。但官方版本只有寥寥数语,不能解答考生心中无穷的疑惑,幸好,剑桥系列范文和考官点评为考生充分理解评分标准提供了很好的参考依据。下面我就考官怎么评定作文分数做简要说明。<br><br>任务完成 Task Achievement<br>回答所有问题<br>通俗地讲,就是考题问什么,考生回答什么,如B6TA考题: “Some people think it would be a good idea for schools to teach every young person how to be a good parent. Do you agree or disagree with this opinion? Describe the skills a person needs to be a good parent.” 考生瞟了一眼考题,就非常激动,以致第二个问题没有明确回答,所以考官点评就指出: “The second question is not directly addressed and no identifiable parenting skills are described. This means the task is only partially answered and this limits the Band score.” 考生可能觉得这条很容易做到,但是往往在考场上看到一个熟悉的话题,就立马奋笔疾书,将脑海中预先想好的答案一股脑写在答题纸上,以至于答题不完整。<br>讨论双方观点,表明作者观点<br>在argument类型题目中,考生经常有这样的疑惑:写一边倒的文章算不算跑题啊?对此考官也有明确回答,如B7T2考官点评: “The candidate examines the opposing views of the topic and gives a clear opinion that is well developed and supported.” 该考题为: “Some people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime. Others, however, argue that the circumstances of an individual crime, and the motivation for committing it, should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment.” 题目举出了两个对立的观点“支持或反对fixed punishments”,要求考生讨论双方各自的理由(examine the opposing views of the topic),并且做出判断(give a clear opinion),所以argument类文章必须讨论双方立场,才能下结论,而结论可以为中立、倾向和一边倒三种(详情见:argument的立场——如何确定雅思辩论类作文题观点)。<br>论证有力<br>每个考题都会要求考生 “Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience” ,即通过讲道理和举例子的方式来支持论点。中国考生在这方面很欠缺,在论证部分只是简单重复某个道理,如剑桥B4T3中考官指出: “The response tends to over-generalize and sometimes the examples used to support ideas seem rather confusing.” <br>比例协调<br>雅思作文是由数个分论点组成的,但是各分论的扩展程度不一样,这就涉及比例问题,如B5T3考题: “Some people think that a sense of competition in children should be encouraged. Others believe that children who are taught to co-operate rather than compete become more useful adults.” 作者的观点是鼓励协作,那么cooperation就应当是论证重点,但是作者却在competition上花费大量笔墨,因此考官指出: “Although the answer considers the main issues in the question, it deals much more with the aspect of competition than it does with co-operation.” <br>字数足够<br>大作文250字以上,否则就得扣分,如B7T4考官点评: “This answer is less than 250 words and it does not address all parts of the question, so it loses marks.” <br><br>连贯与衔接 Coherence and Cohesion <br>连贯(coherence)是指思维逻辑,衔接(cohesion)是指逻辑手段(linking methods)。<br>连贯官方解释<br>连贯(coherence)的官方解释为:Coherence refers to the linking of ideas through logical sequencing。思维逻辑是逻辑表达的基础,很多考生却在写作当中把不存在因果关系的两句用because连接起来。思维的逻辑还体现在分段(paragraphing)上,如B7T2考官点评: “The development of the answer is not helped by poor control of paragraphing which sometimes confuses the links across different sections” ,分段包括段落之间如何排列(logical)和如何切分段落(分段应当基于话题而非基于句子based on the topic rather than sentences)。<br>衔接官方解释<br>衔接(cohesion)的官方解释为:Cohesion refers to the varied and appropriate use of cohesive devices (for example, logical connectors, pronouns and conjunctions) to assist in making the conceptual and referential relationships between and within sentences。逻辑手段主要包括连接词(连接副词和连词)、代词和句子副词三种,逻辑手段使用应当自然(use cohesion in such a way that it attracts no attention),避免过度使用(over-use)和使用不足(under-use)。考生很容易犯过度使用错误,文章充斥大量连词,反而显得不自然。<br><br>词汇 Lexical Resource <br>词汇的评分点包括广度(range)、难度(sophistication)和准确度(accuracy)三个方面,如B7T2考官关于词汇的评语 “An excellent range of vocabulary is used with a sophisticated level of control and only rare slips” ,就包括了这三个方面。尽管考生很重视词汇,但是存在着认识上的误区。大家在备考时往往背诵大量有难度的同义词,以实现词汇表达的广度和难度,但准确度上常出现问题,那么如何界定难词?考生认为难词就是不认识的单词,必须翻阅牛津高阶才能知晓其词义,阅读一篇雅思作文如同背诵词汇书。我们看看B7T1考官满分范文里面出现的难词(acquire, innate, differentiate, inherit, facility, nurture, mutually)都比较简单,所以考生一定要重新认识雅思写作词汇的评分标准,把有限的精力放在加强词汇准确度上,写作词汇的考查不在于你认识多少,而在于你能正确运用多少。<br><br>句型和语法 Structure and Grammar <br>句型和语法的评分点也包括广度(range)、难度(sophistication)和准确度(accuracy)三个方面。我们先来看看B6T2考官范文中的句子: “Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country.” 看完之后,是不是觉得这个句子既复杂(sophisticated)又简洁(concise)?使用复杂句是为了用一句话包含更多的意思,而很多考生很多时候为了复杂而复杂,把一个很简单的意思写得很晦涩;在句型的广度方面也很欠缺,有考生将it is...that...的强调句型一连用了四次,而转变核心词词性就能轻松实现句型多样化;准确度指语法正确,包括单复数概念、时态、介词使用等方面。<br><br>怎么考——雅思大作文题型解析<br>基本型 Argument and Report<br>argument可以更通俗地称呼为debate,即对一个有争议的话题提出作者的看法,并且展开论述维护作者的立场。其实我们可以更形象地来看待这个问题,若我们把每篇作文视为一场辩论会,正方(for)和反方(against)进行辩论,而作者则为裁判(judge, referee),在听取双方意见后发表总结陈词。在陈词中作者需要对双方提交的证据进行分析,并做出自己的判断。<br>report的题目则是对一个非争议的现象进行分析讨论,如现在新闻上经常出现的关于全球气候变暖(global warming)的话题。全球气候变暖,这是个不争的事实,我们需要讨论其原因(cause)、影响(effect)和解决措施(solution)。<br>
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