一、旅游景点和景区作用特征
城市内部的旅游景点(区)多是自然、人文等多要素作用的结合体,具有一定的文化历史价值和景观美学价值,同时又是旅游发展的物质载体、旅游收入的主要源泉,这些地方往往也成为居民经常光顾的地方。景点、景区的规模、知名度、可达性、历史、文化等差异的存在,以及景点、景区管理模式不同,接待量存在差异,居民感知也会存在差异。通过实证分析得出,具有较大开放空间、可达性好的旅游景点(区),居民有更多机会享用旅游资源,同时对旅游发展给环境带来的改善有较清晰的认识,因而一般具有较好的TE-COI感知;知名度高、封闭式商业管理模式的景点(区),接待外来旅游者较多,直接收益也相对较多,居民有较强的TECOI感知;具有历史内涵和文化底蕴的景点(区),促进了景点(区)的保护及历史文化的传承,居民对其社会文化影响感知较好。
需要指出的是,作为旅游载体的同时,旅游景点、景区同时具有原来的特质,其变化会在一定程度上影响地方居民,因而成为影响居民感知的地方性外在因素。
二、居民作用机制
城市居民收入、职业、文化层次、居住时间长短,以及性别、年龄和出游意愿等不同,对待旅游影响的感知也存在一定差异。实证研究表明,居民的出游意愿强烈,更倾向于享受环境,随着对景区的了解增加,进而对旅游产生的经济影响更为了解,对旅游产生的社会文化影响也很强烈,因而一般对旅游产生的影响感知较好。而文化层次越高、居住时间越长、年龄越大的居民,对旅游影响感知更趋于漠然,甚至反感。年龄大、居住时间长者,对待旅游逐渐习以为常,或是怀念过去,或是能更全面看待问题,对现实中产生的一些变化不愿接受;而文化层次较高者,较能客观看待旅游业发展,尤其是能够认识到旅游业带来的负面影响(如文化侵蚀、示范效应等),因而感知较弱。从事旅游相关工作的居民能够从旅游业中获益,对旅游影响的感知一般较好。
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