This book systematically summarizes the development of biodegradable polyester PBAT in recent decades and describes in detail the layout of the panel, technology and equipment, roadway support, and other aspects of PBAT synthesis, structure, properties, and manufacturing. The subject of the book belongs to materials, especially polymer science. The latest scientific research achievements, such as the life circle analysis of PBAT resin, PBAT-based alloys, PBAT plastics blending with biomass, advanced digital technology for PBAT blending, e.g., PBAT molding process, evaluation, and certification of PBAT biodegradability, are also analyzed and summarized. In general, this book comprehensively displays the development process and latest achievements of PBAT resin, aiming to promote China's advanced biodegradable plastics technology to the reader in the whole world, and has significant social significance.

About the Author
　　Dr. Jianjun Li，Ph.D. in Engineering， Professor， Recipient of the State Council’s Special Allowance， Foreign Academician of the Russian Academy of Engineering， and Winner of the 5th “Outstanding Engineer” award. He is currently serving as Chief Scientist of Kingfa Sci. & Tech. Co.， Ltd.， Director of the National Key Laboratory for Efficient Development and High-Quality Utilization of Waste Plastics Resources， and Director of the National Advanced Polymer Materials Industry Innovation Center. He holds positions as Vice President of the China Light Industry Federation， President of the Biodegradable Resin Branch of the China Synthetic Resin Association， President of the Biodegradable Materials Branch of the China Biofermentation Industry Association， Director of the National Plastics Standardization Technical Committee’s Modified Plastics Branch， and Editor-in-Chief of Plastics Industry magazine. Leading 6 national and ministerial-level major scientific research projects， he has received 3 second prizes for national scientific and technological progress，10 provincial and ministerial-level awards， authored or co-authored 12 monographs， drafted 40 national standards， and been granted 35 invention patents.
　　Chapter 1 Introduction
　　Abstract Materials constitute one of the three maj or pillars of human social civilization. Depending on the primary materials used， the development of human society can be categorized into different eras， such as the Stone Age， Bronze Age， Iron Age， and the Synthetic Materials Age. In the early twentieth century， the first synthetic polymer material， phenol-formaldehyde resin， achieved industrial production. By the mid-twentieth century， polymer materials began to rapidly advance and permeate various aspects of human production and life， becoming essential foundational materials. This marked the commencement of the Polymer Materials Age in human society.
　　Materials constitute one of the three major pillars of human social civilization. Depending on the primary materials used， the development of human society can be categorized into different eras， such as the Stone Age， Bronze Age， Iron Age， and the Synthetic Materials Age. In the early twentieth century， the first synthetic polymer material， phenol-formaldehyde resin， achieved industrial production. By the midtwentieth century， polymer materials began to rapidly advance and permeate various aspects of human production and life， becoming essential foundational materials. This marked the commencement of the Polymer Materials Age in human society.
　　Polymer materials primarily include synthetic fibers， rubber， and plastics， fulfilling diverse requirements across different fields and performance criteria. Among these， plastics take precedence as the foremost synthetic polymer material. Their advantages， including lightweight， ease of processing， and excellent comprehensive properties， have led to their widespread use in sectors such as automotive manufacturing， modem medicine， electronics， aerospace， modem agriculture， construction engineering， and daily commodities.
　　The plastics industry is a significant component of China’s national economy. However， with the extensive production and widespread use of plastics， the volume of discarded plasties has been increasing dramatically. According to statistics， from 1950 to 2015， humanity produced a cumulative 8.3 billion tons of plastics products， of which 4.9 billion tons have become waste (Fig. 1.1). The majority of plastics have stable chemical structures， are durable， and do not readily biodegrade under natural conditions. This contributes to problems such as landfills， soil degradation， erosion of landscapes， air pollution， harm to marine life and environments， among others. The environmental pollution caused by discarded plastics primarily results from improper end-of-life disposal. However， in modem society， banning plastics products is clearly impractical. Physical recycling， chemical recovery， and accelerated material decomposition are all effective methods for addressing end-of-life plastics waste.
　　From 1950 to 2015， approximately 7.3 billion tons of non-fiber plastics were produced， with approximately 42% being used as packaging materials. Generally， packaging materials， especially lightweight packaging， are challenging to recycle on a large scale， and thus， they cannot be effectively addressed through physical recycling or chemical recovery. They are essentially considered single-use consumer products. For instance， in China， single-use plastics consumer products such as shopping bags， garbage bags， tableware， agricultural films，and packaging materials (Fig. 1.2) account for approximately 35% of plastics product production. The total production value of this category of products has been growing at an annual rate of over 15%. Currently， they are primarily made from materials such as polyethylene (PE)， polypropylene (PP)， polyvinyl chlori

Contents
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Overview of Biodegradable Plastics 5
1.1.1 Petro-Based Biodegradable Plastics 6
1.1.2 Bio-based Biodegradable Plastics 8
1.2 Biodegradable Plastics PBAT 11
1.2.1 PBAT Resin 12
1.2.2 PBAT Plastics 16
1.2.3 PBAT Products 18
References 25
2 PBAT Resin Synthetic Raw Materials 29
2.1 1，4-Butanediol (BDO) 29
2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of BDO 30
2.1.2 Synthesis Process of BDO 32
2.1.3 Downstream Applications of BDO 40
2.1.4 Status of Development of BDO 44
2.2 Terephthalic Acid (PTA) 46
2.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of PTA 46
2.2.2 Synthesis Process of PTA 48
2.2.3 Downstream Applications of PTA 54
2.2.4 Development of PTA 56
2.3 Adipic Acid (AA) 58
2.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of A A 58
2.3.2 Synthesis Process of AA 60
2.3.3 Downstream Application of A A 64
2.3.4 Status of Development of AA 66
2.4 Bio-based Monomers 68
2.4.1 Lactic Acid (LA) 69
2.4.2 Succinic Acid (SA) 71
2.4.3 Furan-2，5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) 72
2.4.4 1，3-propanediol (PDO) 73
2.5 Additives 74
2.5.1 Catalyst 74
2.5.2 Thermal Stablizer 76
2.5.3 Branching Agent 78
2.5.4 Chain Extender 78
References 79
3 Synthesis of PBAT Resin 83
3.1 PBAT Synthesis Reaction 83
3.1.1 Esterification Reaction 84
3.1.2 Condensation Reaction 85
3.1.3 Side Reactions 86
3.2 PBAT Synthesis Process Route 89
3.2.1 Esterification Process Route 89
3.2.2 Polycondensation Process Route 92
3.3 PBAT Synthesis Process Control 94
3.3.1 Process Control of Slurry System 95
3.3.2 Process Control of Esterification System 96
3.3.3 Process Control of Polycondensation System 97
3.3.4 Process Control of Other Systems 101
3.3.5 Summary 102
3.4 Domestic and Foreign Production Technology Development Status 103
References 104
4 Structure and Properties of PBAT Resin 107
4.1 Structure of PBAT Resin 107
4.1.1 Chemical Structure of PBAT Resin 108
4.1.2 Crystal Structure of PBAT Resin 110
4.2 General Requirements of PBAT Resin and Its Testing Methods 117
4.2.1 Melt Mass Flow Rate 118
4.2.2 Carboxyl Content 120
4.2.3 Melting Point 123
4.2.4 Color Value 124
4.2.5 Mechanical Properties 126
4.3 PBAT Resin Quality Control Method 131
4.3.1 Control Method of Melt Mass Flow Rate 132
4.3.2 Control Method of Terminal Carboxyl Content 133
4.3.3 Control Method of Melting Point 134
4.3.4 Control Method of Color Value 135
4.3.5 Control Method of Degradation Performance 137
References 138
Classification of Twin-Screw Extruders
The Twin Screw Extruder is Made Parameters of the Twin-Screw Extruder
5 PBAT Plastics 141
5.1 PBAT Plastics Blending with Biomass 142
5.1.1 PBAT/Starch Blending Plastics 142
5.1.2 PBAT/Cellulose Blending Plastics 148
5.1.3 PBAT/Lignin Blending Plastics 153
5.1.4 PBAT/Chitosan Blending Plastics 159
5.1.5 PBAT Plastics Blending with Other Biomass 162
5.2 PBAT Plastics Blending with Inorganic Powders 166
5.2.1 PBAT/Calcium Carbonate Blending Plastics 166
5.2.2 PBAT/Talc Blending Plastics 171
5.2.3 PBAT/Montmorillonite Blending Plastics 175
5.2.4 PBAT/Type Hydrotalcite Blending Plastics 182
5.2.5 PBAT/Nanocarbons Blending Plastics 184
5.3 PBAT Based Alloys 189
5.3.1 PBAT/PLA Alloys 190
5.3.2 PBAT/PBS Alloys 198
5.3.3 PBAT/PHA Alloys 201
5.3.4 PBAT/PCL Alloys 206
5.3.5 PBAT/PGA Alloys 209
5.3.6 PBAT/PPC Alloys 211
5.3.7 Other Alloys with PBAT 213
References 218
6 PBAT Plastics Green Manufacturing 229
6.1 Extruder 231
6.1.1 Classification of Twin-Screw Extruders 231
6.1.2 The Twin Screw Extruder is Made 237
6.1.3 Parameters of the Twin-Screw Extruder 243
6.2 Screw Combination Design of Extruder 249
6.2.1 Introduction of Screw Barrel and Thread Element 250
6.2.2 Extruder Theory 260
6.2.3 Screw Combination Design 266
6.3 Enlarge the Design 271
6.3.1 Process Design Principles 271
6.3.2 PBAT Plastics Manufacturing Line Design 274
6.4 Blend Digital Factory 284
6.4.1 Current Status of Plastics Blend Manufacturing 284
6.4.2 Development Direction of Plastics Blending Industry 285
6.4.3 Advanced Digital Technology for Plastics Blending 286
6.4.4 PBAT Plastics Blend Intelligent Manufacturing Technology 290
References 295
7 PBAT Products 297
7.1 PBAT Molding Process 297
7.1.1 Film Blowing Molding 298
7.1.2 Cast Forming 311
7.1.3 Extrusion Molding 315
7.1.4 Injection Molding 321
7.1.5 Composite Molding 328
7.2 Application of PBAT 333
7.2.1 Application of Membrane Bag 334
7.2.2 Application for Injection Molding 359
7.2.3 Extruding Applications 370
7.2.4 Other Types of Applications 378
References 383
8 Evaluation and Certification of PBAT Biodegradability 387
8.1 Biodegradability of PBAT 387
8.1.1 Biodegradability of PBAT Resin 388
8.1.2 Biodegradability of PBAT Plastics 390