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苦荞制品中黄曲霉毒素的污染及控制
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图书来源: 浙江图书馆(由图书馆配书)
  • 配送范围:
    全国(除港澳台地区)
  • ISBN:
    9787564346478
  • 作      者:
    林巧,巩发永,肖诗明编著
  • 出 版 社 :
    西南交通大学出版社
  • 出版日期:
    2016
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作者简介
  林巧,理学硕士,副教授。现任西昌学院轻化工程学院办公室主任,主讲食品生物化学、食品分析与检验、食品发酵与酿造、果蔬储存与加工等多门课程,凉山州学术带头人后备人选,西昌学院学术带头人后备人选。主持了四川省教育厅凉山苦荞制品中黄曲霉毒素B1监测体系的构建、建昌板鸭微生物区系的研究等多个科研项目。
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内容介绍
  本书是研究荞麦制品的学术专著。本书从苦荞的生理特性、产品研发、黄曲霉毒素的污染现状及有关规定、相应的检测方法、生产控制与质量认证的八个方面对苦荞中黄曲霉毒素的污染相关情况进行了论述,可供检验部门、政府实验室和食品企业品管部门、第三方实验室的技术人员参考,也可为与食品安全检验、相关的苦荞食品生产加工企业提供指导。
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精彩书摘
  一、苦荞的药用价值
  苦荞是营养丰富的粮食作物,也是很好的药用作物。苦荞作为一种传统中药,在我国很多医书上都有记载,且朝鲜、韩国、日本、尼泊尔、印度、俄罗斯及欧洲许多国家的人民都用苦荞来治病。《本草纲目》中记载:“苦荞麦味苦性品寒、有益气、续精神、利耳目、降气宽肠、磨积滞、消热中风、脾积泄泻的作用。”《齐名要术》记有“头风畏冷者,饱食而三日即愈,神效。其秸作荐,可辟臭虫蜈蚣,烧烟熏之亦效。其壳与黑豆皮、菊花装枕,明目”《植物名实图考》称荞麦“性能消积,俗呼净肠草”。苦荞具有降血压、降血糖、降血脂,改善微循环等作用,因此又称“三降”食品。
  (一)降血糖
  哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院一项调查表明,主食荞麦地区的人群,其血糖水平和糖尿病患病率明显低于不食用荞麦地区的人群。其中,主食荞麦的居民高血糖水平(即高于正常值的血糖水平)的检出率为1.6%;而非主食荞麦的人群,高血糖的检出率为7.33%,后者高于前者近4倍。主食荞麦和不食用荞麦地区的糖尿病患病率也相差约1倍,前者为1.88%,后者为3.84%。这一结论提示,荞麦作为有效降低糖尿病发生的杂粮作物,应该更多地出现在老百姓的餐桌上。
  (二)降血脂
  动物实验表明,用苦荞麦蛋白复合物饲料喂小鼠后,小鼠血液中的红细胞SOD(超氧物歧化酶,具有对抗自由基的作用)活性提高了15.1%,CAT(过氧化氢酶,催化过氧化氢分解成氧和水)活性提高了13.4%,全血GSH-PX(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶,具有抗氧化作用)阻止自由基生成的活性提高了23.2%,肝脏中的SOD,CAT和GSH-Px的活性都提高了19.2%。
  (三)降血压
  苦荞麦有稳定血压的作用,对中轻度的血压偏高治疗作用明显。这是因为苦荞麦中含有一般食品中不含有的黄酮类化合物──芦丁。芦丁可以清洗血液,软化血管,改善微循环,同时还有很好的抗酸化作用,使高血压患者的毛细血管的脆性得到恢复,达到降血压的功效。
  (四)对心血管系统的作用
  1.对心肌的作用
  苦荞麦中富含的生物类黄酮主要成分是芦丁,又名VP,其主要功效是软化血管、改善微循环、清热解毒、活血化疲、拔毒生肌、益气提神,有降血糖和尿糖的作用。荷兰米切尔·赫托格牡博士对805名老年男性膳食中牛物类黄酮的含量进行了测定,结果发现,每天摄入生物类黄酮的量不小于30mg的组,比每天摄入生物类黄酮量不大于19mg的组,死于冠心病的危险率降低了50%。
  2.对血管的作用
  苦荞生物类黄酮具有多方面的生理功能,其中的槲皮素和桑色素等具有改善机体血管平滑肌的收缩和舒张功能;芦丁具有扩张血管,维持毛细血管的抵抗力,降低其通透性及脆性,促进细胞增生和防止血细胞的凝集,以及降血脂、扩张冠状动脉、增强冠状动脉血流量等作用。同时,荞麦粉中所含丰富的维生素有降低人体血脂和胆固醇的作用,是治疗高血压和心血管病的重要辅助食(药)物。荞麦粉中含有的一些微量元素(如镁、铁、铜、钾等)对于心血管具有保护作用。
  (五)抗氧化作用
  近年来大量医学研究说明,人体的过早衰老,是由于体内过多的氧自由基将正常细胞氧化破坏而造成。自由基还可能损害身体内的酶类和蛋白质等,使器官、机体加速衰老。研究表明不同浓度的苦荞多糖能显著地消除超氧阴离子自由基和羟基自由基,随着苦荞麦多糖浓度的升高其抗氧化性作用逐渐增强,苦荞多糖对消除超氧阴离子自由基的作用效果明显高于对羟基自由基的清除效果。苦荞中含有丰富的硒元素,而硒又是谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)的必需成分,该酶能将有害的过氧化物还原成无害的羟基化合物,从而保护细胞膜的结构与功能。硒化合物是人体衰老自由基的捕获剂,可修复脱氧核糖核酸,控制细胞分裂繁殖,因此具有抗衰老作用。另外苦荞籽粒壳还富含原花青素,该色素具有较强的抗氧化清除自由基的能力。类似的多酚类如原儿茶酸,绿原酸在苦荞中含量丰富,并且都能清除自由基,因此具有延缓衰老防止氧化的作用。苦荞麦中的芦丁、槲皮素等黄酮类物质特别是槲皮素可清除超氧阴离子、羟基自由基等自由基,提高自由基清除酶SOD、GSH-Px活力,降低脂质过氧化水平。苦荞中还含有丰富的维生素C和维生素E,皆为有效的抗氧化物质,可清除机体自由基以及人体代谢产生的肝脏毒物、脂质过氧化物,能维持人体内分泌平衡,促进细胞再生,具有防止衰老的作用。可以说苦荞抗衰老的保健特性已经融在它的骨子里了,是现代生活特别是都市生活中不可多得的清纯粮食。
  (六)抗癌、防癌作用
  苦荞生物类黄酮所富含的槲皮素等黄酮类化合物主要通过3个途径起到抗癌和防癌作用,即抗自由基作用,直接抑制癌细胞生长,抗致癌因子。鞑靼荞生物类黄酮所含的5-羟基黄酮是防癌、抗癌、治癌的优选药物。苦荞麦中含有其他谷类作物缺乏的硒,有利于防癌。硒在人体内与金属相结合形成一种不稳定的“金属-硒-蛋白质”复合物,有助于排解人体中的有毒物质(如铅等)。中国疾病预防控制中心陈君石研究员宣布,经过多年研究发现,在各种有免疫调节功能的营养素(包括VC,VA,锌和镁等)中,硒是唯一可以直接抗病毒的营养素。
  美国科学家经过12年试验后证实,每天补充200μg硒,可使大肠癌发病率降低48%,肺癌发病率降低46%,前列腺癌发病率降低63%。硒是联合国卫生组织确定的人体必需的微量元素,而且是该组织目前唯一认定的防癌抗癌元素。国内外民学研究证实,人体缺硒会造成重要器官的机能失调,人体有40多种疾病与饮食缺硒有直接关系。
  美国癌症研究所医学专家指出,适量的硒几乎能防止一切癌变。美国倡导饮食硒的摄入量200μg/(d·人)。我国因有71%的地区处于低硒或缺硒水平,中国营养学会建议饮食硒的摄入量为50~250μg/(d·人)。安全摄入量是400μg/(d·人),而我国平均对硒的摄入量尚不能达到40μg/(d·人)的水平。这主要是由于食物里的含硒量不是很高,如小麦的含硒量是34μg/kg,大米的含硒量是51μg/kg,而苦荞麦的含硒量是430μg/kg。国外食品硒的来源多为将无机硒添加在饲料中转化,在食物链上为二级吸收,我国苦荞麦硒为天然有机硒,以绿色植物为载体,所以十分珍贵。
  (七)清除自由基的作用
  自由基(freeradical)是引起癌症、衰老、心脑血管退变等疾病的罪恶之源。因为苦荞类黄酮物质易被氧化,才使其具有清除自由基的功能。苦荞生物类黄酮组成的分子结构符合有效酚羟基理论,具有极强的自由基清除能力,它们具有5个羟基,可以充足地作为供氢体,使自由基还原,从而起到清除自由基的作用,达到防衰、抗癌、抗心脑血管病的目的。
  (八)对骨组织的作用
  苦荞生物类黄酮可用于治疗骨病和骨质疏松等症,其作用机理在于:(1)它既可抑制前列腺素E2(PGE2)的胶原蛋白合成增加,又能抑制PGE2的胶原蛋白合成减少,即抑制BH-脯氨酸进入可消化的胶原蛋白和非胶原蛋内,并在低浓度PGE2时主要作用于非胶原蛋白的合成,高浓度PGE2主要作用于胶原蛋白合成,因此可以用于治疗骨病;(2)它能提高甲状腺对雌激素的敏感性,使甲状腺C细胞分泌降钙素的作用加强,最终抑制骨再吸收而治疗骨质疏松;(3)它能抑制饮食中因缺钙和VD而引起的骨密度和骨钙含量的降低。
  (九)护肝作用
  苦荞生物类黄酮对急慢性肝炎、肝硬化、脂肪肝以及因半乳糖胺等引起的中毒性肝损伤均有一定的疗效。研究表明,苦荞生物类黄酮对CCU所致肝脏的丙二醛(MDA肝脂质过氧化终产物)含量的增高有明显的抑制作用;可减轻肝损伤对谷胱甘肽(GSH)的消耗;能够保护细胞结构的完整性,防止肝细胞中的转氨酶等水溶性酶因从细胞中漏出而活性升高。苦荞生物类黄酮的护肝机制最终在于它的抗氧化和抗自由基的作用。
  (十)抗紫外线作用
  苦荞生物类黄酮所富含的槲皮素等黄酮类化合物是一种光屏蔽物,具有吸收紫外线的功能。可保护抗坏血酸等生物活性物质免除氧化,保持了它们的活性,是一种极好的抗氧化剂,其螯合作用和基因表达出减少脂肪氧化变性的功能作用明显,尤其是该黄酮对皮肤有保健作用以及抗炎症作用,故有人称之为“皮肤营养素”。
  (十一)其他保健作用
  苦荞还具有其他多种保健功能,如抗菌、抗病毒作用。研究证实,苦荞生物类黄酮所富含的槲皮素、桑色素、莰非醇有抑菌和抗病毒作用。临床应用黄酮,对各种原因引起的溃疡有祛腐生肌、消炎镇痛的奇特疗效。对免疫系统的作用,苦荞生物类黄酮能明显有效地增加机体的非特异免疫功能和体液免疫功能,且能抗疲劳改善记忆。苦荞中多酚物质对改善记忆力、预防老年痴呆症有很好的效果,苦荞醇提取物能够延长戊巴比妥钠阈上的剂量条件下小鼠睡眠的时间,从而具有镇静催眠的功能,起到延长催眠安神的保健功效。
  ……
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目录
第一章  绪  论···················································································································· 1
第一节  苦荞的特性············································································································· 1
第二节  苦荞的研究进展····································································································· 10
第三节  苦荞制品的开发状况及前景展望·············································································· 15
第二章  产黄曲霉毒素真菌································································································· 30
第一节  黄曲霉毒素··········································································································· 30
第二节  产黄曲霉毒素真菌································································································· 31
第三节  黄曲霉毒素的生物合成机理···················································································· 38
第三章  国内外黄曲霉毒素的限量标准················································································· 43
第一节  世界各国对食品中黄曲霉毒素总量的限量要求·························································· 43
第二节  我国食品中黄曲霉毒素的污染现状与限量标准·························································· 50
第四章  苦荞中黄曲霉毒素的污染及风险评估······································································· 56
第一节  食品中黄曲霉毒素的危害分析与风险评估································································· 56
第二节  黄曲霉毒素的毒理机制与危害················································································· 59
第三节  苦荞中成分与黄曲霉毒素的关系·············································································· 66
第四节  苦荞中黄曲霉毒素的暴露评估················································································· 72
第五节  苦荞食品中黄曲霉毒素的风险评估··········································································· 75
第五章  苦荞制品黄曲霉毒素的检测···················································································· 81
第一节  采样和制样··········································································································· 81
第二节  高效液相色谱法····································································································· 83
第三节  酶联免疫吸附法····································································································· 88
第四节  薄层色谱法··········································································································· 93
第五节  荧光光度法··········································································································· 97
第六节  实验室控制········································································································· 100
第六章  苦荞制品中黄曲霉毒素的控制··············································································· 115
第一节  苦荞种植期的控制································································································ 115
第二节  苦荞收获期的控制································································································ 116
第三节  苦荞采购期的控制································································································ 118
第四节  苦荞制品加工期的控制························································································· 120
第五节  苦荞制品储藏期的控制························································································· 122
第七章  苦荞制品质量品质认证························································································· 126
第一节  苦荞茶生产基本加工工艺与品质形成······································································ 126
第二节  HACCP基本原理································································································· 127
第三节  HACCP与其他质量控制体系的关系······································································· 128
第四节  苦荞茶生产良好操作规范······················································································ 130
第五节  HACCP应用于苦荞茶中黄曲霉毒素的控制····························································· 139
第八章  苦荞制品中黄曲霉毒素的去除··············································································· 149
第一节  采用物理方法去除苦荞中的AFB1·········································································· 149
第二节  采用化学方法去除苦荞中的AFB1·········································································· 151
第三节  采用生物方法去除苦荞中的AFB1·········································································· 152
第四节  黄曲霉毒素去除实例···························································································· 156
附  录····························································································································· 161
附录A  食品中黄曲霉毒素B1的测定················································································· 161
附录B  食品中黄曲霉毒素M1和B1的测定······································································· 174
附录C  免疫亲和层析净化高效液相色谱法和荧光光度法······················································ 180
附录D  食品中黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2的测定··························································· 188

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