<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">②</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">姑息性手术:对于肿瘤范围较广,已有转移而不能做根治性手术的晚期患者,为减轻其痛苦,维持营养和延长生命,可以只切除部分肿瘤或做些减轻症状的手术,如造瘘术等。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">③</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">探查性手术:对深部的内脏肿物,有时经过各种检查不能确定其性质,则需要开胸、开腹或开颅检查肿块的形态,肉眼区别其性质或切取一小块活组织快速冰冻切片检查,明确诊断后再决定手术和治疗方案,为探查性手术。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)放射治疗</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 放射治疗简称放疗,它是利用高能电磁辐射线作用于生命体,使生物分子结构改变,达到破坏癌细胞目的的一种治疗方法。放射能够治疗癌症是因为癌细胞对放射线敏感。目前临床上应用的放疗有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">X</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">线治疗和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">线治疗两种。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 放射治疗对癌症是否有效,取决于许多因素,如临床时间的早晚,肿瘤病理类型和对放射的敏感性,患者的整体状况和肿瘤周围情况都有关。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 肿瘤对放射敏感性的高低与肿瘤细胞的分裂速度、生长快慢成正比。同一种肿瘤的病理分化程度与放射敏感性成反比,即肿瘤细胞分化程度低则放射敏感性高,而分化程度高者则放射敏感性低。因此,临床根据肿瘤对不同剂量放射线的反应不同可分为三类:一类是对放射敏感的肿瘤,常照射</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">50</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">戈瑞,肿瘤即消失,如淋巴瘤、精原细胞瘤、无性细胞瘤及低分化的鳞状上皮细胞癌、小细胞未分化型肺癌等。另一类是中度敏感的肿瘤,要照射</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">60</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">70</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">戈瑞,肿瘤才消失。再一类是对放射不敏感的肿瘤,当照射量接近甚至超过正常组织的耐受量时,放射治疗的效果仍很差,如某些软组织肉瘤和骨的肿瘤等。肿瘤的放射敏感性还与其生长方式有关,一般向外突性生长的肿瘤(如乳突型、息肉型、菜花型)较为敏感,而浸润性生长的肿瘤(如浸润型、溃疡型)则敏感性较低。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 放射敏感性与放射治愈率并不成正比。放射敏感性的肿瘤,虽然局部疗效高,肿瘤消失快,但由于它的恶性程度大,远处转移机会多,因而难以根治。鳞状上皮癌的放射性敏感性属中等,但它的远处转移少,故放射治愈率较高,如皮肤癌、鼻咽癌、子宫颈癌。高度敏感的有多发性骨髓瘤、精原细胞瘤、卵巢无性细胞瘤、尤文肉瘤、肾母细胞瘤等。高度敏感的肿瘤可以放疗为主,如早期官颈癌、鼻咽癌、舌癌、早期食管癌等放疗的五年生存率均可达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">90</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">%以上。这些癌症的晚期放疗有时也能取得一定的疗效。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">2.</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">全身疗法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)化学疗法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 化学疗法简称化疗,是将药物经血管带到全身,对身体所有细胞都有影响。这种疗法有时也称为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">胞毒疗法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">”</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">,因为所用药物都是有害的,甚至是带毒性的,体内细胞,无论是否为恶性细胞,都会受到破坏。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> 化学治疗的临床应用有四种方式。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">①</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">晚期或播散性肿瘤的全身化疗:因对这类肿瘤患者通常缺乏其他有效的治疗方法,常常一开始就采用化学治疗,近期的目的是缓解病情,通常人们将这种化疗称为诱导化疗。如开始采用的化疗方案失败,改用其他方案化疗时,称为解救治疗。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">②</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">辅助化疗:是指局部治疗(手术或放疗)后,针对可能存在的微小转移病灶,防止其复发转移而进行的化疗。例如骨肉瘤、睾丸肿瘤和高危的乳腺癌患者术后辅助化疗可明显改善疗效,提高生存率或无病生存率。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">③</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">新辅助化疗:针对临床上相对较为局限性的肿瘤,若手术切除或放射治疗有一定难度,可在手术或放射治疗前先使用化疗。其目的是希望化疗后使肿瘤缩小,从而减小切除的范围,减少手术造成的伤残;另外,化疗可抑制或消灭可能存在的微小转移,提高患者的生存率。现已证明,新辅助化疗对膀胱癌、乳腺癌、喉癌、骨肉瘤及软组织肉瘤、非小细胞肺癌、食管癌及头颈部癌可以减小手术范围,或把不能手术切除的肿瘤变成可切除的肿瘤。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Arial','sans-serif'">……</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p>
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